This workshop explored the theory of least squares adjustment and its practical role in cadastral data management, with a focus on distinguishing statistical rigor from cartographic convenience. Participants were introduced to the foundational concepts of least squares—error, redundancy, weighting, and adjustment models—without heavy mathematics, with an emphasis on why the method worked and the assumptions it required. The workshop connected these principles to surveying practice, showing how least squares emerged as a tool for reconciling measured observations rather than correcting interpreted geometry.

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